Deaf Londoners in the 1660s

Everywhere you look in history, you can find deaf people and sign languages. In the past, many people did not learn to write. Sometimes we have to learn about their lives from other writers.

This is Samuel Pepys writing his famous diary over 350 years ago. Pepys's diary tells us a little about what life was like for deaf and hard of hearing people in 17th century London.

This is Jane Gentleman. She was a chambermaid in Pepys's house. Jane was hard of hearing. Jane's job was to help Samuel's wife, Elizabeth, and keep her company. When Jane started her job, Samuel worried that Jane's hearing might make her a bad worker. But Jane was good at her job. She made friends with another servant called Bess.

Pepys shaved his head and bought a wig to be more fashionable. He asked Jane what she thought about his new wig. Jane was sad that Pepys had to shave his hair. But she told him he looked great. After a year, Jane left her job. She stayed friends with Bess. By 1669, Jane was married and had her own home. Pepys also wrote about an exciting signed conversation.

One day in 1666, Pepys was at a party when a fire started near the palace. So soon after the great Fire, everyone was very worried. A deaf boy arrived and signed to them about the fire. Thankfully, the King was safe. Pepys felt left out as he didn't understand and other people did. Pepys wanted to find out more about sign language. He wanted to see how clever the boy was. Pepys asked his friend John Downing to sign to the boy for him. A coach was waiting downstairs. Pepys wanted the boy to stop the coach from leaving. The boy went to see if he could stop the coach. He pretended to be sleeping in there. Then he tried to steal the seat. But it was nailed down. Finally, the angry coachman chased him away. The boy came back and told everyone what he had done. Pepys was very impressed. This was one of the first times in English history that anyone wrote in detail about what a deaf person was signing. But Pepys never wrote down the boy’s name.

Just around the corner lived another young deaf man. His name was Framlingham Gawdy. His friends called him Fram. Fram was training to be an artist. His teachers were called Sir Peter Lely and George Freeman. Lely was a famous artist who had painted the king. Fram enjoyed life in London. He wanted to be fashionable. Fram signed to George Freeman that he was ashamed of his clothes. Fram and his brother John were both deaf. Both used sign language. John was an artist too. Fram wrote letters to John. Fram sent John presents from London. They both loved chocolate, which was new in England. Fram fell ill. In 1672, he wrote his will. Fram is the first deaf person that we know about who was born deaf and wrote his own will. He left money to his brother John. We can read Fram’s letters to John today. Perhaps one day a deaf historian will find some of Fram’s paintings.

This is London. And this is London in 1666, more than 350 years ago.

London was an exciting and sometimes dangerous place to live in the 17th century.

After years of civil wars and revolution, King Charles II had been crowned king. In 1665, a frightening illness, the plague, had killed many people and others had left the city until it was safe to come back.

In 1666, life was starting to get back to normal in London. People had returned.

In 17th-century England, some children went to school, but many children worked to earn their living. They carried messages, worked as servants in houses, or learned trades.

There were many wooden houses in London. The streets were crowded, narrow and very dirty.

Water came from the pumps in the streets. There were no flushing toilets in houses.

To get around London, people walked, took a boat on the river or, if they were rich, travelled by coach.

Just like today, London was the biggest city in England: almost half a million people lived in the city in 1666.

People had come from all across Britain and from other countries to live and work there.

Some people in London were shopkeepers, some were servants, politicians, or bakers, as well as lots of other jobs.

All of these people were living in London when, in September 1666, a great fire destroyed much of the city.

Most people couldn't write down records of their lives, but some people were able to write about what they saw and heard.

Using eyewitness accounts, artefacts, and pictures from the time, we can find out about how the fire started, how it was put out, and how it changed London forever.

This is Samuel Pepys. He is best known for keeping a diary about his life, which he wrote in the 1660s. But who was Samuel Pepys?

He was born in London in 1633. Pepys's father was a tailor and his mother ran the busy household. Pepys worked hard at school, which meant he could go to university in Cambridge.

Pepys moved back to London and started keeping his diary in 1660, writing about what he did every day. He also started working as an administrator for the navy. Pepys’s job was to see that the navy ships and sailors had everything they needed. His job meant he met lots of important people, including King Charles II.

In his diary, Pepys wrote about all the different people that he talked to and met in London. He included his secret thoughts and his bad behaviour. This all makes his diary great for understanding what life was like in 17th-century London.

Pepys’s diary tells us about major historical events like the coronation of Charles II, the Great Plague, and the Great Fire of London. Pepys was worried that his house might burn down too. He even buried his valuable cheese and wine, and some other things in the ground to protect them from the fire. Luckily, Pepys's office and house survived the Great Fire and the diary did too.

Once he stopped writing his diary in 1669, he still did lots of interesting things. He was an MP, did more important navy work, and was even arrested for treason! Because he wanted his diary to be secret, Pepys wrote it in shorthand to make it difficult for people to read. Shorthand uses symbols instead of letters, so you have to know what the symbols mean to understand it. Many years later, when Pepys was an old man, he decided that he did want people to be able to read his diary after he died.

He arranged for his diary and his other books to be kept safely by his old college in Cambridge. The diary was there for 100 years before people realised how to read the symbols and understood that Pepys had kept a secret diary. The diary is still there today!

In September 1666, London burned. After five days, the fire was mostly out. More than 13,000 houses burned down in the Great Fire of London. The old St Paul's Cathedral was just one of the famous London landmarks that was destroyed. Churches, shops, and schools were gone too.

Rebuilding the city would be a huge task and the new London needed to fix the problems of the old city to make sure another fire like this couldn't happen.

Houses in London were often built of wood and jutted out very close to each other, which meant they burned very easily, so the new buildings would have to be made of brick and stone. Strict rules were made about the size and shape of the new houses. Where it was possible, narrow streets were sometimes made wider.

In the 17th century, London didn't have a big fire brigade like today. The city was divided into areas called parishes. Each parish kept buckets, hooks and axes, and local people were supposed to work together to stop the fires. After the Great Fire, new rules were made to make sure every parish had more equipment.

One of the men chosen to take charge of rebuilding London was Christopher Wren. He was an architect who designed buildings. He planned many of London's new churches, including a new St Paul's Cathedral.

While there were lots of exciting ideas for transforming London, most of the grand plans would have cost too much money. There wasn't time to change where the streets were or how the city worked. People needed their homes, businesses, and their schools to be rebuilt quickly. So they started rebuilding where they had lived before. Today, many of the streets in the City of London have the same names and are in the same places as before the fire.

London looked very different after the fire and since then it has changed, and keeps changing – and growing! Today, London is over 100 times bigger than it was before the fire and 9 million people live there.