London’s Brutalist buildings

Characterised by rough textures, heavy-looking materials and large, unusual shapes, Brutalism is a style of architecture Londoners love to debate. It was once popular for large-scale developments in the 1960s. But these iconic buildings are still a powerful presence on the city’s landscape today.

Key dates:

1960s–1970s

2RY6PH4 Trellick Tower, Brutalist Grade II listed tower block by Erno Goldfinger, Cheltenham Estate, Kensal Green, London

Trellick Tower by Ernö Goldfinger

Rising above North Kensington, Trellick Tower was the tallest social housing block in Europe when it was completed in 1972. This 31-storey estate, designed by Hungarian architect Ernö Goldfinger, has a striking silhouette thanks to the separate tower containing the lift and stairs.

2T12CWP A view of the west end of Frobisher Crescent, a curved terrace of apartments in the Barbican estate. Ben Jonson House, another terrace block of apartm

Barbican by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon

The Barbican was built on a City of London site destroyed by bombing during the Second World War. The ambitious project took 11 years to build and was finally completed in 1976. It’s a huge concrete complex – a self contained city featuring 2,000 flats, an arts centre, gardens, shops, schools, a lake and a library.

2B2CP4G Exterior of the Hayward Gallery on the South Bank Centre at Waterloo London England UK

Southbank Centre by London County Council architects

This riverside arts centre was constructed between 1963–1968 on the site of the 1951 Festival of Britain. Designed by a group of radical young architects, the Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room and Hayward Gallery stand together as an angular mishmash of concrete cubes and columns.

2WXN6M4 Brutalist architecture of the South Bank on the River Thames, London, with no people in the scene.

National Theatre by Denys Lasdun

Built a stone’s throw from the Southbank Centre in 1976, this huge structure is home to three theatres as well as bars, foyers and restaurants. It’s a careful balance of horizontal and vertical lines, featuring angular towers that jut out above the terraces and into the skyline.

BJ3JCF Brunswick residential and shopping centre, Bloomsbury, Camden, London, UK

Brunswick Centre by Patrick Hodgkinson

Surrounded by Bloomsbury’s Georgian terraces, the Brunswick Centre, completed in 1972, features stepped rows of flats looking down onto a central plaza with shops and a cinema. With a functional, imposing and block-like design, it was listed by English Heritage as a place of special interest in 2000.

F0C1JK Brunel University campus building in Uxbridge, London, UK

Brunel University Lecture Centre by John Heywood

Fans of Stanley Kubrick’s 1971 classic A Clockwork Orange might recognise this overhanging concrete titan. Built in 1966, the Brunel University Lecture Theatre in Uxbridge was used as the film’s dystopian Ludivico Medical Facility. In real life, it’s home to a number of lecture theatres.

JGF375 Rowley Way, Alexandra Road Estate, St John's Wood, London, UK

Alexandra Road Estate by Neave Brown

Shaped by the curve of a Camden railway line, the Alexandra Road Estate was designed and built by Naeve Brown of Camden Council between 1972–1979. With over 500 apartments, it’s a high-density estate without being a high-rise building. Many trees and plants lining the paths and balconies contrast the unpainted reinforced concrete